Steven Boyle, Ph.D., of Duke University Medical Center and colleagues studied 313 male Vietnam veterans who were part of a larger 20-year study on the effects of Agent Orange.

For the study, which appears in the August issue of the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , the veterans underwent a standard psychological test used to assess hostility, depression and anger.

The men had a series of blood levels taken on three occasions between 1992 and 2002. Researchers measured two immune system proteins known as C3 and C4. Both are markers of inflammation, which is the body's response to injury or infection. Changes in C3 and C4 are associated with a number of diseases, including some that negatively can affect the arteries around the heart, such as diabetes.

Men whose psychological screening showed the highest level of hostility, depressive symptoms and anger had a 7.1 percent increase in their C3 levels, while men with low levels of these attributes showed no change over the 10-year study period.

The researchers factored in other risk factors for higher C3 levels such as smoking, age, race, alcohol use and body mass index (a measure of obesity). They also could find no known influence of Agent Orange exposure on the increased C3 levels.

We showed positives associations between psychological attributes and 10-year changes in C3 among initially healthy middle-aged males, the researchers write. Neither group showed significant increases in C4 levels.

Hostile, depressed and angry people see the world around them in a different way, and sometimes they see it as them against the world, said study co-author Edward Suarez, Ph.D. That kind of lifestyle often leads to greater stress and possibly changes in the way the body functions that could lead to disease.

Could psychological treatment reduce C3 levels? At present, we do not know if interventions to reduce hostility and anger would lead to a decrease in C3 or other markers of inflammation, Boyle said. However, he added, Even if inflammation is not decreased by such interventions, lower levels of anger and hostility will likely lead to better relationships and increased well-being.

Brain, Behavior and Immunity : Visit academicpress/bbi.

Boyle SH, Jackson WG, Suarez EC. Hostility, anger, and depression predict increases in C3 over a 10-year period. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 21(6), 2007.

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